Gibbs free energy
Gibbs free energy (ΔG) determines whether a reaction is spontaneous. It combines enthalpy (heat) and entropy (disorder) at a given temperature:
ΔG = ΔH − TΔS
- ΔG < 0: Spontaneous (exergonic)
- ΔG > 0: Non-spontaneous (endergonic)
- ΔG = 0: System is at equilibrium