Gibbs' Phase Rule
Gibbs' phase rule describes the number of degrees of freedom (F) in a closed system at equilibrium, in terms of the number of separate phases (P) and the number of chemical components (C) in the system.
F = C − P + 2
- C: Number of components (chemical species).
- P: Number of phases in equilibrium (solid, liquid, gas).
- F: Number of degrees of freedom (independent variables like temperature or pressure).