What is titration?
Titration is a technique to determine the concentration of an unknown solution by reacting it with a solution of known concentration (the titrant) until the reaction reaches its equivalence point.
n₁ × C₁ × V₁ = n₂ × C₂ × V₂
Where n = stoichiometric coefficient, C = concentration (M), V = volume (mL).
Equivalence point vs. endpoint
- Equivalence point: Moles of acid equals moles of base (exact stoichiometric balance).
- Endpoint: When the indicator changes color — ideally close to equivalence point.
- A good indicator has a pKa ≈ pH at the equivalence point.